In a world grappling with the dual challenges of a burgeoning population and climate change, the quest for sustainable food production has never been more urgent. A recent review published in the journal *Applied Sciences* (translated as “Applied Sciences”) offers a compelling vision for the future of food, highlighting the potential of a dual-track bioeconomy that combines both terrestrial and aquatic biological resources. Led by Luis A. Trujillo-Cayado from the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Higher Polytechnic School of the University of Seville in Spain, the research synthesizes evidence from a wide range of sources to advocate for a transition towards sustainable, bio-based food production systems.
The study, which reviewed literature, technical reports, and policy documents from 2015 to 2025, focuses on the environmental, nutritional, and techno-economic benefits of green (terrestrial plants and insects) and blue (aquatic algae) bioeconomy pathways. “The use of green resources, such as legumes, oilseeds, and edible insects, results in a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and water footprints compared with conventional livestock production,” Trujillo-Cayado explains. These alternative protein sources not only offer substantial benefits in terms of bioactive lipids but also present a more sustainable approach to food production.
The review also highlights the potential of blue resources, particularly micro- and macroalgae, which provide additional proteins, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidant pigments. These aquatic resources can sequester carbon on non-arable or wastewater substrates, further enhancing their environmental benefits. “Blue resources, centered on micro- and macroalgae, furnish additional proteins, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidant pigments and sequester carbon on non-arable or wastewater substrates,” the study notes.
Technological innovations, such as gene editing and advanced extraction methods, are identified as key facilitators in the transition to bio-based resources. These technologies promote the efficient valorization of agricultural residues, contributing to a circular economy where waste is minimized, and resources are fully utilized. The study strongly suggests that policy support be expedited and that research into bioeconomy technologies be increased to ensure the sustainable meeting of future food demands.
The implications of this research extend beyond the agricultural sector, with significant potential for the energy sector as well. The bioeconomy’s focus on sustainable, renewable resources aligns with the growing demand for clean energy solutions. As the world seeks to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, the development of bio-based resources for food production could pave the way for similar innovations in energy production.
The study’s findings underscore the need for a holistic approach to sustainability, one that integrates technological advancements with policy support and circular economic principles. As Trujillo-Cayado and his colleagues argue, the transition to a bio-based economy is not just a possibility but a necessity for meeting the food demands of a growing population while mitigating the impacts of climate change.
In the words of the researchers, “The transition to bio-based resources is facilitated by technological innovations, such as gene editing and advanced extraction methods, which promote the efficient valorization of agricultural residues.” This vision of a sustainable, bio-based future offers a beacon of hope in the face of global challenges, pointing the way towards a more resilient and environmentally conscious world.