In the heart of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, smallholder farmers are the backbone of agriculture, yet they face significant challenges in adopting sustainable practices. A recent study published in the *South African Journal of Science* (translated as *Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap in Suid-Afrika*) sheds light on the critical role of agricultural extension models in overcoming these hurdles. Led by Estone Jiji Habanyati from the Amrita School for Sustainable Futures at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham in India, the research offers a comprehensive analysis of various extension models and their impact on sustainable agriculture adoption.
The study, which employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, examined models such as Fee-for-Service, Farmer Field Schools, Training and Visit, and Farmer-to-Farmer approaches. Habanyati and his team identified persistent barriers to the widespread adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, including limited access to resources, inadequate training, and the lack of tailored solutions for diverse farming contexts.
“Conventional agricultural extension models often fall short in addressing the unique needs and constraints of smallholder farmers,” Habanyati explained. “Our review highlights the need for a more integrative approach that combines the strengths of different models to enhance the dissemination and adoption of sustainable practices.”
The research suggests a hybrid approach that integrates conventional and emerging participatory, demand-driven models. This strategy is designed to be customised for the specific needs and constraints of smallholder farmers, ultimately contributing to sustainable development and food security in the regions.
The findings have significant implications for policymakers and practitioners. By prioritising the development of economically viable and tailored agricultural extension strategies, stakeholders can foster greater engagement and implement robust feedback mechanisms. This ensures that agricultural extension services are responsive and adaptable to the evolving needs of farmers.
“Our goal is to help policymakers enhance communication channels and ensure that extension services are not only accessible but also effective in driving sustainable agricultural practices,” Habanyati added.
The study’s insights are particularly relevant to topics such as adoption, diffusion, innovation, public extension systems, and the transfer of technology. As the agricultural sector continues to evolve, the integration of diverse extension models could shape future developments, driving effective policy interventions and promoting sustainable practices.
Published in the *South African Journal of Science*, this research serves as a crucial stepping stone in the journey towards sustainable agriculture adoption in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By leveraging the complementary strengths of various extension models, the agricultural sector can overcome existing challenges and pave the way for a more sustainable and food-secure future.