In the rolling hills and rugged landscapes of the Iberian Peninsula, a story of ancient cattle herding practices is unfolding, one that could reshape our understanding of early farming communities and potentially influence modern agricultural strategies. Roger Alcàntara Fors, in a recent study published in ‘PLoS ONE’, has delved into the intricate world of Neolithic cattle management, focusing on the Middle Neolithic site of Cova de les Pixarelles, located in Tavertet, Osona. This site, dating back to 3942-3632 cal. BCE, offers a unique window into the past, with a substantial collection of faunal remains, particularly cattle.
The research, which employs a sophisticated blend of archaeozoological, palaeopathological, and biomechanical analyses, along with isotope studies, provides a nuanced portrait of how early farming communities managed their cattle. “The integration of bulk bone collagen carbon and nitrogen isotopes, along with sequential analysis of enamel bioapatite oxygen and carbon isotopes, has allowed us to reconstruct the diet, mobility, and reproduction patterns of these animals,” Alcàntara Fors explains. This innovative approach has revealed that the communities at Cova de les Pixarelles were not merely subsistence farmers but sophisticated herders who understood the intricacies of cattle management.
The findings suggest that these early farmers employed a complex herding system, moving their cattle seasonally from lowland areas to higher mountain plateaus in search of optimal pastures. This vertical mobility was coupled with an ecological division of herds based on age, sex, and reproductive function. “This nuanced herding approach indicates a deep understanding of the landscape and the animals’ needs,” Alcàntara Fors notes. “It’s a testament to the sophistication of these early farming communities.”
The implications of this research extend beyond academic curiosity. Understanding how these ancient communities managed their herds could provide valuable insights for modern agriculture, particularly in regions facing similar environmental challenges. The seasonal mobility and ecological division of herds could inspire sustainable grazing practices that minimize environmental impact and maximize resource use. For the energy sector, this could mean exploring biofuels from grass-fed cattle or developing more efficient agricultural practices that reduce the carbon footprint of livestock farming.
Moreover, the study highlights the importance of integrating various scientific disciplines to gain a holistic understanding of past societies. This interdisciplinary approach could pave the way for future research, encouraging scientists to collaborate across fields to tackle complex questions about human history and its impact on the environment. As we grapple with the challenges of climate change and sustainable development, the lessons from the past could guide us toward a more resilient future.